Technical Articles

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Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Sep 25, 2023

MIL-STD-461 for EMI testing:MIL-STD-461 is an EMC testing standard that evaluates the features of electronic, electrical, and electromechanical equipment & subsystems belonging to the Department of Defense (DoD). MIL-STD-461 is a foundation for numerous international EMI standards and is widely adopted, forming the basis for other EMI specifications globally.MIL-STD-461 is particularly well-su...read more

What is ISO/IEC 17025?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Aug 16, 2023

ISO 17025 is the primary international standard that outlines the competency criteria for testing and calibration laboratories. It empowers laboratories to showcase their competence in generating accurate and dependable results, thereby instilling trust among customers across the globe.The ISO/IEC 17025:1999 was the first version of this standard followed by ISO/IEC 17025:2005, and ISO/IEC 17025:2...read more

What is Radiated Emission?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Jun 19, 2023

Radiated emissions are unintentional emissions/noise generated by electronic devices. Radiated emissions can be caused due to factors like leakage currents from high voltage circuits, switching currents in digital circuits, arcing/sparking, antennas etc. Some of the other causes of radiated emissions include the allocation of multiple devices to the same frequency band or spectrum of operation, th...read more

What is Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

May 31, 2023

Fig: PWM signalPulse width modulation (PWM) is a widely used energy-efficient technique to control electrical loads on demand and conserve energy. In the PWM technique, a PWM controller generates the PWM signal (rectangular pulse wave). The PWM signal is used to switch ON and OFF semiconductor switches (e.g., MOSFETs, IGBTs, GaN transistors) used in power converters (e.g., AC-DC converter, DC-DC c...read more

EMC Testing for Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

May 23, 2023

EMC, or electromagnetic compatibility, refers to a printed circuit board's ability to function properly within an electromagnetic environment without generating electromagnetic or radio frequency interference in nearby devices. EMI can negatively affect system performance when the operating region of a device deviates from the defined standards or conditions. EMC ensures that the PCB is immune...read more

What is a TEM cell?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 25, 2023

Figure 1: TEM cell geometry (Open type TEM cell shown)A TEM cell (Transverse electromagnetic cell) is a kind of test chamber used to perform EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) or EMI (electromagnetic interference) testing of small-size electronic products such as wireless pagers, receivers, portable phones, ICs, etc. It is also used for the calibration of RF probes and for biomedical experiments....read more

What is Power Line Transient?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

May 31, 2023

Figure: Understanding transientsA power line transient (electrical transient) is a temporary sudden increase in voltage and/or current on an electrical power line or electrical system that can disturb or damage the electrical & electronic products connected (& near) to the power lines. It has the potential to impact the AC and DC systems. The electrical transients can also be propagated vi...read more

What is Inductive Coupling?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 21, 2023

Inductive coupling occurs when there is a change in magnetic fields around a conductor, which induces an unwanted voltage or current in an adjacent conductor. This can happen even if the two conductors are not physically touching. Inductive coupling can be mitigated by using magnetic shielding materials, separating the conductors, and orienting them at right angles to each other.Mutual inductive c...read more

What is Conductive Coupling?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 21, 2023

Conductive coupling happens when two wires touch or are linked by a metal connection. This can lead to unwanted electrical signals causing interference.Capacitive coupling: Imagine two electrical wires separated by something that doesn't conduct electricity, like the air or plastic. When one of the wires carries electrical power, it creates an invisible electric force field that can reach the ...read more

EMC Testing for Automotive

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 21, 2023

EMC testing for automotive electronics is necessary to ensure that the electronic systems in vehicles operate correctly and safely without causing any interference with other systems or external sources of electromagnetic radiation. Automotive electronics can be exposed to various electromagnetic fields from sources such as radio transmitters, power lines, and other electronic devices. These elect...read more

EMC testing for a Medical Device

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 21, 2023

EMC testing requirements for medical devices are defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in the IEC 60601-1-2 standard. The requirements apply to all medical electrical equipment and systems that operate in the frequency range of 0 Hz to 400 GHz and are intended for use in the diagnosis, treatment, or monitoring of patients.The EMC testing requirements for medical devices in...read more

What are Helmholtz Coils?

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 18, 2023

Helmholtz Coils:Helmholtz Coils is an arrangement that consists of a pair of identical circular coils placed parallel to each other and separated by a distance that is equal to the radius of each coil, generally used to produce accurately defined magnetic fields from DC to the upper end of the audio frequency range and beyond.Fig: Helmholtz CoilThe coils are wired in series such that the current f...read more

What is CISPR 31?

CISPR Standards

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 18, 2023

CISPR 31 is a technical report that covers the database on the characteristics of radio services. The database objective is to register those characteristics which are relevant/related to the derivation and specification of limits for disturbance emissions from electric and/or electronic equipment, systems, and installations. This information is used together with CISPR 16-4-4 by the committees re...read more

What is CISPR 18?

CISPR Standards

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 21, 2023

Understanding Radio Noise:Radio noise is the unwanted electromagnetic emission from electrical & electronic devices/systems while operating that can interfere with other radio communication systems.Radio noise can be emitted during the operation of the power system transmission and distribution facility (overhead lines, substations & associated equipment). The causes of radio noise emissio...read more

What is Conducted Susceptibility?

Immunity

Editorial Team - EMC Directory

Apr 12, 2023

Conducted susceptibility and immunity are essentially two important aspects of EMC Testing. Conducted susceptibility refers to the ability of electronic equipment to withstand electromagnetic interference that is coupled through the power or signal lines whereas Conducted Immunity, on the other hand, refers to the ability of electronic equipment to resist external electromagnetic interference that...read more

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